Description
By (author) Paturel, Simone
Short /annotation:
This monograph explores the transformation of Berytus and the Bekaa after the Roman colonial foundation in 15 BCE, challenging the traditional perspective of Bronze Age roots for the sanctuary at Baalbek-Heliopolis and its deities.
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The aim of this monograph is to understand the extent to which the landscape of Roman Berytus and the Bekaa valley is a product of colonial transformation following the foundation of Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus in 15 BCE. The book explores the changes observed in the cities of Berytus and Heliopolis, as well as the sites at Deir el-Qalaa, Niha, and Hosn Niha. The work fundamentally challenges the traditional paradigm, where Baalbek-Heliopolis is seen as a religious site dating from as early as the Bronze Age and associated with the worship of a Semitic or Phoenician deity triad and replaces it with a new perspective where religious activity is largely a product of colonial change.
Table of contents:
AcknowledgementsList of Figures and Tables1 Introduction 1.1 The Aims of This Monograph 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Chronological and Geographical Range 1.4 Topography and Geographical Setting 1.5 Structure of the Monograph2 Sources, Historiography, Method & Theory 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sources and Historiography 2.3 Method and Theory 2.4 Conclusion3 From Hellenistic Kingdoms to Roman Authority in the Levant 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Hellenistic Kingdoms in the Levant 3.3 The Ituraeans and the Ituraean Principality4 Pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic Berytus 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Palaeolithic–Chalcolithic Activity (through 3000 BCE) 4.3 Bronze Age (3000 BCE–1200 BCE) 4.4 Iron Age (1200 BCE–323 BCE) 4.5 Hellenistic (323 BCE–15 BCE) 4.6 Conclusion: Pre-Roman Berytus5 Pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic Baalbek and the Bekaa 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Names Baalbek and Heliopolis 5.3 Prehistoric and Hellenistic Baalbek 5.4 The Prehistoric and Hellenistic Bekaa and Ituraean Territories 5.5 Conclusion and Interpretation6 Roman Berytus 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Cardo Maximus and Colonnaded Decumani 6.3 Public Buildings and Religious Architecture 6.4 Domestic Architecture 6.5 Commerce 6.6 Funerary Practice 6.7 Conclusions: The “Reconstruction” of Berytus7 Deir el-Qalaa 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Sacred Area at Deir el-Qalaa 7.3 The Settlement Area 7.4 The Deities and the Inscriptions 7.5 Conclusions8 The Sanctuaries of Niha and Hosn Niha 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Niha 8.3 Hosn Niha 8.4 Conclusion: Ancient Nihata and Hosn Niha9 The Religious Landscape of Baalbek in the Roman Period 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Early Roman Baalbek: 15 BCE–Mid-second Century 9.3 The Later Roman Empire: From the Mid-second Century to the Fourth Century 9.4 Funerary Practice in Baalbek and Douris 9.5 Conclusion: A Double Transformation10 Life in the Colonia from Epigraphic, Numismatic, and Iconographic Evidence 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Heliopolitan “Triad” 10.3 Baalbek-Heliopolis and Imperial Patronage 10.4 Euergetism by Private Citizens 10.5 Veterans and the Roman Army 10.6 Civilians, Public Officials, and Families 10.7 Voting Tribes 10.8 Conclusions: Life at Baalbek and in the Bekaa11 Landscape and Religious Architecture in the Colonia 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Temples of Baalbek in the Landscape 11.3 The Temples of Niha in the Landscape 11.4 Deir el-Qalaa 11.5 Conclusion12 Conclusion 12.1 Conclusions on Berytus, Deir el-Qalaa, Niha, and Baalbek-Heliopolis 12.2 Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus: A Latin Intrusion in the Near East?Appendix A: Location Tables for Beirut ExcavationsAppendix B: Macrobius I.23.10–26GlossaryBibliographyIndex
Review quote:
”To sum up, the book provides a very useful overview of the history of Roman Berytus including the Bekaa valley, which before could only be gained by extensive reading of
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